Overview on Administrative structure of India/Governance

Features of Indian Constitution

Republic - Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic

Government - Parliamentary form of Government both at the Center and States

Federal structure with Unitary Bias

Judiciary - Unitary

As we know India is Constitutional Republic which means Constitution is the supreme law of the and and the State is headed by the President of India. The Constitution guarantees to every citizens their rights and limits the Government from infringing the citizens rights through the Fundamental Rights listed in Part-III of the Constitution.  

Parliament

It has three Components: The President of India, The Lok Sabha(House of People/Lower Houe) and The Rajya Sabha(House of States/Upper House). Each State of India also have the Parliamentary form of Government where in the State Legislature also has three Components: The Governor, The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. But some states don't have the legislative council due to low population. These provisions are enlisted on the Constitution of India.

Judiciary

India has unitary Judicial System. The Supreme Court of India is the Highest Court in the Nation which is headed the Chief Justice of India. The Court has currently 31 judges including CJI. And the Court is also known as the Custodian of the Constitution of India.

Each State has a High Court except few States. They act independently but supreme court of India has some authority over them in the administration of the Court. Each District has a District Court headed by a district Judge and District Courts are subordinate to High Court of each state. And District court functions independently from the State Governments.

Executives(Government)

The Government of India at the Centre is headed by the Prime Minister and He is aided by his Counil of Ministers and other deputy Ministers. While at the states, the Government of the State is headed by the Chief Minister and he is aided by his Council of Ministers. Both at the Centre and States, the Government of states or the Centre remains in power until there is confidence in the Lower House(Lok Sabha at the Centre or the Legislative Assembly at the states).

The bureaucrats are the top government employees and they are mostly recuited through competitive examination conducted by UPSC or SPSCs. These are also known as the IAS or Civil Servants or Public Servants and the act on the advice of the Government and are responsible to the public as well as the Governments(States and Centre).  eg., Uttar Pradesh has both Legislative Assembly and Council while State of Nagaland has only Legislative Assembly

District Administration

Every States are divided into Districts and the Administration of these Districts are done by the States and to some extend by the Centre by the District Admnistrators which are also known as District Commissioners or Collectors. The Collector or DC are usually the Civil Servants holds responsibility for law and order as well as Developmental works in the Districts. Each District is divided into Sub-divisions. 

Local Government/Administration

The Government at the Local Level or grass-root level can be the Panchayats at Rural areas or the Municipalities at towns or cities. They are the democratically elected governments responsible to the public. They performs the planning and implementation activities for the development of the towns or villages. eg. Mumbai has Mumbai Municipal Corporation which is headed by a Mayor who is responsible to the Mumbai Public.Other Administration works like law and order maintenance are done through the Sub-divisional Officers