ISSUES IN BUREAUCRACY

INTRODUCTION : Public Administration as an academic discipline has come into existence with the important paper of Woodrow Wilson on the Study of Administration. Ever since a number of theories, approaches and concepts in administiation have been developed. In recent years, administration is increasing along with the growing functions. In fact, there has been a change in the very nature of the state which is reflected in increasing functions which the governments are undertaking. Another manifestation in this change is the rapid growth of civil services.

REPRESENTATIVE BUREAUCRACY

INTRODUCTION : Bureaucracy is an instrument and a means of Public Administration. But because of its durable, stable nature and expertise, it becomes a repository af authority and power in the state. The political executive cannot do without the help of bureaucracy. The citizens have more contacts with it than with the members of the political executive.

KARL MARX ON BUREAUCRACY

INTRODUCTION : Karl Marx was a great social revolutionary as well as a social scientist. His influence continues to be felt not only in social sciences, philosophy and literature, but also through revolutions in countries like Russia, China and Vietnam. His thought is being interpreted and re-interpreted in different ways by several schools, such as the Frankfurt school, the existentialists, the structuralists, Russian communists, Chinese communists, Trotskyists and so on. The combination of revolutionary thought and action in Marx's work is of special significance for underdeveloped countries where revolutionary movements are growing.

MAX WEBER AND BUREAUCRACY

INTRODUCTION : Max Weber is considered to be one of the foremost social scientists of modern times. He has made valuable contribution to several disciplines, particularly Sociology, Economics, History and Political Science. He is specially known for his theories about the rise of capitalism in Western Europe, and bureaucracy. Max Weber's name, however, became synonymous with bureaucracy. Weber's influence on the modern thinkers on administration is enormous. Most of the studies on bureaucracy, are considered "as either different versions of Weberian model or attempts at contradicting it". Weber's bureaucratic model, theories on legitimacy and domination formed the basis for a number of further studies.

MEANING OF BUREAUCRACY

INTRODUCTION
BUREAUCRACY is a term with strong emotional overtones and elusive implications. Bureaucracy is also a much researched area by Public Administrationists, Political Scientists, Sociologists and many others. As a result, there is no terminological accuracy about the concept of bureaucracy. To some, it is efficiency and to others, it is inefficiency. To some it is a term synonymous with civil service and to others it refers to a body of officials. It is this that has made one scholar to comment that 'bureaucracy is a notorious word of our age'. It is, therefore, necessary to know what is the origin of the term and what are its different meanings. 

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH - FRED W. RIGGS

INTRODUCTION

In recent years modern Governments have experienced a great change in their functions and responsibilities. In the changed context the role of Public Administration has become all the more crucial in fulfilling the goals of the government. Consequently, administrative theories and models have become all the more important to the understanding of it. The  ecological approach to the study of administration has been suggested when Western organisation theories have been found inadequate for the study of the problems of administration in the Third World Countries.

BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH - HERBERT SIMON

INTRODUCTION: The classical approach emphasized the importance of the structure-the formal dimension of organisation. The human relations approach, on the other hand emphasises the informal dimension of the organization. While the formal and informal dimensions of organisation form an important component of organisation phenomenon, the human behaviour-the value disposition of the functionaries-determine their attitudes and working style of the organisation. The human relations and behavioural approaches broadly deal with the man in the organisation. While the former deals with the relationships among the people working in an organisation, the latter deals with the 'inside' human being with a focus on the place of his values and rationality in the working of an organisation. An understanding of 'inside' the man is as important as 'inside' the organisation.